The microcontroller’s CPU reads program code from memory, one instruction at a time, decodes each instruction, and then executes it. All memory content—both program code and data—is in binary form: ...

Randall Hyde has taught assembly language programming at the university level for more than a decade and his Web site, Webster: The Place on the Net to Learn Assembly Language Programming, is one of ...

An in-depth look at the 8-bit AVR architecture found in ATtiny and ATmega microcontrollers, mainly from a software and programming point of view. Explore the AVR architecture using C and assembly ...

Although 8051-compatible microcontrollers with SPI ports are available, a lower-cost device with an SPI port bit-banged through GPIO pins often suffices. The code shown here takes advantage of ...