The evolution of eukaryotic cells represents one of the most pivotal transitions in the history of life, marked by the emergence of cellular compartmentalisation and increased complexity. Central to ...

Men have nipples, mammary glands and the hormones required, but the ability for male lactation rarely turns on. Here’s why ...

Most people know only two things about the appendix: You don’t need it – and if it bursts, you need surgery fast. That basic ...

Assembly Theory is a way to understand how the complexity of life emerged through a mechanism of “self-assembly.” It could explain how life formed on Earth—or other planets—via the shortest path to ...

Forget Survival Of The Fittest. Humans Conquered Our Planet By Sharing Ideas. In A Nutshell Humans spread across nearly every habitat on Earth in around 300,000 years, a feat that biology alone would ...

The story of life’s beginnings gets stranger when you look closely at viruses. These tiny entities seem to sit at the edge of biology.

The study found that bird species who nest in tree cavities have independently evolved heightened aggression across lineages, particularly in females. Scientists have long wondered whether evolution ...

Researchers at Scripps have created T7-ORACLE, a powerful new tool that speeds up evolution, allowing scientists to design and improve proteins thousands of times faster than nature. Using engineered ...

Humans are fundamentally "musical animals"—and our capacity for music is rooted in biology, not just culture. This is the conclusion of new work by University of Amsterdam professor of Music Cognition ...

Facey, Douglas E., Bowen, Brian W., Collette, Bruce B., and Helfman, Gene S. 2023. The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution and Ecology. 3rd ed. Hoboken, New ...