TfL combines open and closed loop systems, using Oyster Cards, contactless card payments, and NFC Google or Apple pay, alongside physical ticketing. Transport for London (TfL) has long been regarded ...

An open-loop cooling system, also called raw water cooling, draws water directly from the body of water the boat is floating in, whether it's saltwater or freshwater. That water is pulled through a ...

SAN DIEGO — The next advance in spinal cord stimulation (SCS) could be a closed-loop system that uses evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) to maintain therapeutic activation, results of the phase ...