Abstract: This article first reports a mathematical modeling and analysis methodology for the four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4), in which bipolar PAM4 signals of different orders and under ...

Abstract: A 0.88pJ/bit 112Gb/s PAM4 transmitter is reported in 7nm FinFET CMOS with 1V ppd output amplitude. The quarter-rate TX architecture implements a 5-tap analog FFE using tap extension ...

Neural encoding is the study of how neurons represent information with electrical activity (action potentials) at the level of individual cells or in networks of neurons. Studies of neural encoding ...