The 1815 eruption produced 60 megatons of sulfur, and as a result, average global temperatures dropped by around 3°C (5.4°F).

The first “Big One” earthquake in more than a decade has rattled the world. What if it had happened anywhere else? Say, ...

Flow chemistry is the development and study of chemical reactions whereby reactants are combined by pumping fluids, including solutions of reagents, through tubes at known rates. The relative ...

Let’s image the simplest, most boring volcano possible. It consists of a magma balloon fed by a straw. The ground is perfectly flat above the balloon. Magma comes up the straw at a constant ...