During femtosecond laser fabrication, photons are mainly absorbed by electrons, and the subsequent energy transfer from electrons to ions is of picosecond order. Hence, lattice motion is negligible ...

The sea ice changed completely over the course of a few hours, from disconnected floes to a vast, snow-covered plain. By Raymond Zhong Most of the reserves in the country are extra-heavy oil that’s ...

First-order derivatives: n additional function calls are needed. Second-order derivatives based on gradient calls, when the "grd" module is specified (Dennis and Schnabel 1983): n additional gradient ...

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Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...