The Knoevenagel condensation elegantly constructs carbon–carbon bonds by coupling an active methylene compound with an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a mild base such as piperidine or pyridine. Developed by Emil Knoevenagel in the late nineteenth century, this transformation broadened the synthetic landscape by enabling efficient formation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds under mild, operationally simple conditions. Its broad functional-group tolerance make it indispensable for prepa

HYDROTHERMAL METHOD

Hydrothermal Synthesis Reactor

Catalytic Reactor: Hydrogenation